SOMMAIRE / INTRODUCTION

LII - 4 , 4 ème trimestre 2011 SOMMAIRE

We show the existence of bilimits of 2-cofiltered diagrams of topoi, generalizing the construction of cofiltered bilimits developed in [2]. For any given such diagram represented by any 2-cofiltered diagram of small sites with finite limits, we construct a small site for the bilimit topos (there is no loss of generality since we also prove that any such diagram can be so represented). This is d...

Contents (Sommaire) Combining Approaches to Improve Bounds on Convex Quadratic MINLP Problems

Bounds on the optimal value of a convex 0-1 quadratic programming problem with linear constraints can be improved by a preprocessing step that adds to the quadratic objective function terms which are equal to 0 for all 0-1 feasible solutions yet increase its continuous minimum. The continuous and the CHR bounds are improved if one first uses Plateau’s QCR method (2005), or one of its predecesso...

An Introduction to Sociolinguistics

Introduction to circular data

In many diverse scientific fields, the measurements are directions. For instance, a biologist may be measuring the direction of flight of a bird or the orientation of an animal. A series of such observations is called ”directional data”. Since a direction has no magnitude, these can be conveniently represented as points on the circumference of a unit circle centered at the origin or as unit ...

Introduction to Ethics

  The issues involved in this article are mainly concentrated on the origins of ethics or Moral ethics as an indepent science It has been said that this area of science was founded by Greek Philosophers after a great crisis and debates between such thinkers as Socrates, Plato and Aristotle on one side and  study of other cuitures and moral traditions, especially the Chinese and Hindu tradition...